انا بدي اي تقرير عن اللغة الانجيزية عشان هعمل ملف انجاز للغه الانجيلزية
من الاساليب الناجحة والمفيدة جدا.. لتعلم اللغة الانجليزية واي لغة اخرى هي سماع النص المكتوب من متحدث تكون الانجليزية لغته الام
وفي هذا الموقع ستجدون نصوص مسموعة ومكتوبه في نفس الوقت
الموقع رائع جدا لتقوية مهارة الاستماع
الموقع يقدم الاخبار بشكل يومي وتقارير في مجالات شتى .. تعليمية ثقافية وغيرها .. والجميل ايضا انه باستطاعتك تنزيل هذه التقارير والاخبار على جهازك
لا اطيل عليكم الموقع بدأ كاذاعه تيث اخبارها بلغة سهله ومبسطة للذين لغتهم الانجليزية ليست الام ..
الموقع
http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish
Elephants
Introduction
Elephant, huge mammal characterized by a long muscular snout and two long, curved tusks. Highly intelligent and strong, elephants are the largest land animals and are among the longest-lived, with life spans of 60 years or more. Healthy, full-grown elephants have no natural enemies other than humans.
Throughout history, people have prized elephants for their great size and strength
. On the battlefield, soldiers astride elephants have trampled and terrified enemies. Elephants also have been trained to carry heavy supplies through jungles and to haul huge logs from the forests where they once lived.
Elephants have long been revered and honored, and in Thailand, India, and other Southeast Asian countries, beautifully decorated elephants still play a significant role in traditional religious ceremonies. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha chose the form of a white elephant as one of his many earthly incarnations, and the rare appearance of a white elephant is still heralded as a manifestation of the gods.
Over the past 40 million years, more than 600 species of elephants have roamed the earth. Today only two species are alive—the African elephant and the Asian elephant. Climate fluctuations over the millennia and resulting vegetation changes caused the extinction of many elephant species, but human impact has also taken its toll. At the turn of the 20th century, elephants numbered from 5 million to 10 million, but widespread hunting and habitat destruction reduced their numbers to an estimated 640,000 by the end of the century. Present-day efforts to save elephants may be inadequate, and biologists are unsure if elephants as a species will survive.
Evolution
The earliest known ancestors of modern-day elephants evolved about 65 million years ago in the region now known as Egypt. Called Moeritherium, these swamp-dwelling animals were from pig- to cow-sized, with an elongated snout but no trunk. They sported two pairs of slightly elongated front teeth—indicators of what would eventually evolve into tusks. Three groups of elephant-like animals descended from Moeritherium: Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea, and Elephantoidea. Deinotherioidea evolved from 54 million to 38 million years ago and lived in parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. It possessed a trunk and two tusks, which pointed backward, possibly for hoeing up food from the edges and bottoms of swamps. The last surviving members of this group died out about 10,000 years ago.
The earliest members of the Mastodontoidea group evolved about 38 million years ago. These animals had elephant-like trunks, and, depending on the family, displayed either two or four tusks. The upper tusks were vertical, or upward pointing. The lower set, when present, bent forward and were sometimes shaped like shovels, apparently for digging plant roots and bulbs. The mastodon, the most familiar member of this group, evolved about 15 million years ago, and spread to Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. Its descendants lived in the cold world of the last great Ice Age—2.5 million to 8000 years ago, when thick glaciers covered parts of North America and Europe. The mastodon had two tusks that curved upward and was covered with a thick coat of shaggy hair. About 10,000 years ago, early humans began hunting mastodons, contributing to their extinction.
The Elephantoidea group, which evolved 8 million to 10 million years ago, includes the mammoth and Stegolophodon. The mammoth also lived during the Ice Age and
[align=center]was covered with a thick, woolly coat. Unlike the mastodon’s forward-curving tusks, the mammoth’s tusks curved backward. The mammoth displayed a prominent hump on its back. Mammoths roamed North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia, were hunted by early humans, and died out about 8000 years ago. Stegolophodon evolved about the same time as the mammoth and inhabited Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its tusks and other features were intermediate between the mammoth and modern-day elephants. Stegolophodon’s descendants are the African and Asian elephants of today.
Range and Habitat
Fossils of elephant ancestors indicate they once lived on every continent except Australia and Antarctica, but elephant habitat today is restricted to Africa and parts of Southeast Asia. Elephants occupy an array of environments in Africa and Southeast Asia—grasslands, marshes, forests, deserts, and mountains. They are herbivores, or plant eaters, and need great quantities of food to sustain their massive size. They also need a lot of drinking water and so are restricted to areas with ample vegetation and adequate water.
Even small herds of a few elephants can quickly deplete the food and water resources of an area, forcing them to keep on the move. A herd of elephants migrates seasonally in an extended loop, looking for fresh resources within its home range, which can extend over 1500 sq km (600 sq mi). In its search for food, an elephant can travel 5000 to 10,000 km (3100 to 6200 mi) in one year, the longest mammal migration on record.
Physical De@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@ion
African and Asian elephants differ in size, color, and other physical characteristics. The African elephant can be distinguished by its larger size and broader ears that drape over its shoulders. Males, or bulls, may reach 4 m (13 ft) in height and weigh 7000 kg (15,400 lb). Females, or cows, are shorter, averaging 2.8 m (9 ft) in height, and weigh considerably less, about 3600 kg (7900 lb). African elephants are light gray in color, although they can appear dark gray, red, or brown from the mud they bathe in. They have a low, flat forehead and a slightly swayed back. Their fan-shaped ears average 1.5 m (5 ft) in length and 1.2 m (4 ft) in width. Both bulls and cows have long, curved tusks.
Asian elephants are shorter and stockier than their African relatives, with ears that do not reach their shoulders. The average Asian bull stands 3 m (10 ft) tall and weighs 2300 kg (5100 lb), about half the weight of male African elephants. Cows reach an average height of 2.4 m (7.8 ft) and weigh an average of 3000 kg (6600 lb). Asian elephants have dark gray skin, a bulbous forehead, and a rounded back. Ear size averages 0.75 m (2.5 ft) long and 0.6 m (2 ft wide). The cow’s tusks may be either absent or undeveloped.
Despite their great weight, elephants walk almost noiselessly with exceptional grace, their columnar legs keeping their bulk moving forward in smooth, rhythmic strides. A thick cushion of resilient tissue grows on the base of each foot, absorbing the shock of the weight. The toes help balance the weight in walking. Elephants normally walk at a speed of about 6 km/h (about 4 mph) and can charge at up to 40 km/h (25 mph). They cannot gallop or jump over ditches, but readily take to rivers and lakes, where the water supports them and enables them to swim long distances without tiring.
An elephant’s nose and upper lip are combined in a long, limber trunk, an exceptionally supple appendage with an estimated 150,000 muscle units. The versatile trunk acts like a hand for grasping low-growing shrubs and other food and placing it
into the mouth; an arm for breaking off tree branches; or a snorkel for breathing when the elephant’s body is submerged. Elephants also use their trunks to suck up water and squirt it into their mouths for drinking or over their bodies for bathing. Nostrils at the trunk’s tip enable elephants to detect odors. For faint scents, elephants sample the air with their nostrils. They then place the trunk in the mouth, where special organs pick up the odor. African elephants have two small, flexible lips at the end of the trunk for picking up small ******s. Asian elephants have only one lip at the end of the trunk, which they use for the same purpose.
Elephant tusks, the paired, elongated upper incisors, or teeth, are the largest and heaviest teeth of any living animal. The tusks are used for digging for roots and water, stripping the bark off trees for food, fighting each other during mating season, and, in African elephant cows, warding off predators of baby elephants such as lions and tigers. In a calf, the first incisors are replaced within 6 to 12 months of birth, and the second set, which becomes the tusks, grows at the rate of about 17 cm (about 7 in) per year throughout life. Tusk growth is determined by genetics and nutrition, and over the years, normal wear and tear scales down their length. An African bull tusk typically weighs 20 to 45 kg (50 to 100 lb) and is 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft) in length. The tusks of an adult Asian bull average 1.5 m (5 ft) in length and 30 kg (70 lb) in weight. The more massive tusks of the African elephant, and the fact that both bulls and cows have tusks, make these animals a more desirable target for ivory hunters than Asian elephants.
Elephants have a total of four teeth, all molars, which have jagged ridges for grinding leaves, stems, and roots. A single tooth can weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb) and measure 30 cm (12 in) in length. The first pair of molars is located toward the front of the mouth; when these front molars wear down, they drop out in pieces as the two molars in the back shift forward. Two new molars then emerge in the back of the mouth to replace those that have moved forward. Elephants replace the back molars six times throughout life. When the last set of molars wears out—anywhere between 40 and about 60 years of age—an elephant can no longer chew food and dies of starvation, a not uncommon death among elephants.
Elephant skin is wrinkled and thick (2.5 cm/1 in) with a sparse covering of bristle-like hair. Despite its thickness, the skin is subject to infection by lice, ticks that carry blood-borne diseases, and the larvae of the warble fly, which bore into the elephant’s body and cause swelling and bleeding. Elephants frequently cover themselves with dust, bathe in water, and take mud baths to protect their skin.
Elephants lack sweat glands in their skin and their ears act like radiators for releasing body heat. By flapping them, an elephant brings the many blood vessels within each broad ear into contact with the air, which cools the blood before it circulates again through the body. This cooling mechanism may explain why the African elephant, which evolved in a hot climate, has ears larger than those of its Asian relative, which evolved in a cooler area. An elephant’s tail is hairless but has a skimpy brush at its tip, a useful tool for whisking away pesky flies. A typical tail can weigh 10 kilograms (22 lb).
Elephant eyesight is poor, and the eyes are small in relation to the enormous head, which can turn just slightly from side to side. This limited movement results in restricted side vision, and an elephant must move its whole body to broaden its range of vision. Its other senses—hearing, smell, taste, and touch—are acute. The most sensitive organ is the trunk, which is frequently at work picking up scents of food and danger from the ground and air. Elephants can smell water at great distances and can hear certain sounds from more than a mile away.
Elephants dine on a wealth of plant parts—leaves, twigs, bark, shoots, fruit, flowers, roots, tubers, and bulbs—from as many as 80 different plant species. They use their trunks for uprooting clumps of grass and for plucking branches and leaves from shrubs and trees. Hungry African elephants may apply their full weight to a tree trunk, devouring all edible parts after the tree has toppled. Wild Asian elephants eat more grasses, including rice, than their African cousins do; Southeast Asian rice farmers must defend their crops from elephant herds on the move.
The digestive system of elephants is less efficient than those of other herbivores such as antelope and buffalo. Food passes quickly through the digestive system before nutrients are absorbed, causing elephants to discard about half the plant material they consume. This inefficient digestive system means that elephants must eat large quantities of food to retain and absorb necessary nutrients for good health.
In the wild, elephants devote about three-quarters of their day to feeding. An adult elephant eats 75 to 150 kg (165 to 330 lb) of food each day. Records of zookeepers in the United States show that the average elephant in captivity eats about 39 kg (about 87 lb) of hay; 5 to 7 kg (10 to 15 lb) of grain; and 5 to 7 kg (10 to 15 lb) of carrots in 24 hours. Elephants in captivity are also fond of apples, cabbages, and other fruits and vegetables.
Reproduction
@_@@_@@_@ual maturity among bulls begins at about 11 to 12 years, but during mating season older bulls drive the younger ones away; bulls typically do not mate until around age 30. When a bull is about 20 to 25 years of age, the large glands on both sides of its head begin to swell and secrete an oily, testosterone-rich fluid. The bull’s behavior becomes erratic and often aggressive toward other bulls and humans at this time. This event, known as musth, occurs annually throughout the bull’s lifetime, lasting for several days or several months depending on the animal’s age and overall health. Scientists are uncertain of musth’s full significance, but many believe it is related to the social hierarchy among bulls that controls access to cows during the mating season.
Cows begin breeding at about nine years of age and typically come into estrus, or heat, every 16 weeks, at which time they are receptive to mating. While pregnant, a cow’s estrus cycle halts and she does not mate. Soon after a cow gives birth, her estrus cycle begins again and she mates even if she is nursing. There is no breeding season for elephants—mating occurs throughout the year. Elephants do not mate for life. Bulls and cows form temporary pairs prior to mating, and after a brief courtship, the bull mounts the cow from behind, copulating for less than a minute. Mating may continue for several days. Usually, one bull mates with several cows, guarding them from the advances of other bulls.
Cows give birth to single calves 20 to 22 months after conception, the longest gestation period known for any animal. Cows may give birth alone or surrounded by other cows. A newborn elephant is about 1 m (about 3 ft) high and weighs about 120 kg (about 260 lb). The calf is initially helpless and unable to control its leg muscles and trunk. After one to two hours, the calf is able to stand and suckle, obtaining milk from its mother’s paired mammary glands, which are located between the front legs.
Between three and four weeks, calves begin to experiment with feeding themselves; it may take six months before a calf can master the skill of drinking with its trunk. By
the age of nine months, calves spend almost half of their time feeding on vegetation. They are weaned at about three or four years of age upon the birth of a younger brother or sister. In captivity, cows have borne calves until they are 60 years of age, at intervals of about four years.
One or more allomothers, or "aunts," often assist in the rearing of a calf, staying near the calf, for example, while the mother moves away to forage for food. The more allomothers, the greater the chances of the calf’s survival. By age ten, a calf will weigh 900 to 1300 kg (2000 to 3000 lb). It will attain most of its height between the ages of 20 and 25, but unlike other mammals, will continue to grow at a slow rate throughout life.
Behavior
Elephants display complex social behavior, living in tightly knit families that are matriarchal—that is, headed by the oldest females. Families are composed of sisters, cousins, aunts, and nieces, and their young offspring, and range in size from 2 to 29 individuals. These animals may remain together for life. If a family becomes too large, a few females leave to start a new herd. The members of a family bathe, forage, and travel as a group. Family members typically stay within 46 m (150 ft) of the matriarch, maintaining contact with their calls. If they are separated even for a matter of hours, their reunion is marked by an elaborate greeting ceremony, which includes running, rumbling, spinning, trumpeting, defecating, urinating, clicking tusks, and rubbing each other’s bodies with their heads. The family also defends the young, sick, old, and disabled from predators. When the elder cow in a family dies, the next oldest usually takes her place as leader.
Young males begin to wander away from the family at about age six, and gradually spend more and more time away, alone or in the company of other young males. When they become @_@@_@@_@ually mature they either leave the family for good or are driven away by the older females. They may roam about on their own or join other males to form bachelor herds, remaining nearby but operating independently of the female-led family units. Bulls within bachelor herds occasionally battle, although rarely to the death, to determine who is boss within their herd.
During their seasonal migrations, many family groups may travel together as a single herd led by the oldest female, the matriarch. If a predator threatens, the herd groups together, with the matriarch facing the enemy and the young elephants hiding behind the adults. When danger comes too close, the matriarch charges or leads the herd in a stampede to defeat the enemy.
Elephants communicate with each other through touch, sound, scent, and body @_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@. Touching is done mainly with the trunk, and can range from a cow’s gentle caress of her calf to a disciplinary slap delivered by a matriarch to an unruly sub-adult male. Shoving, kicking, and rubbing against each other are other ways that elephants communicate.
Elephants also raise their voices to communicate, trumpeting as a warning or greeting to other elephants nearby. These animals also produce low-frequency rumbling sounds, which can travel over great distances, reaching the ears of elephants several kilometers away. Recent research indicates that elephants also communicate with infrasound, sounds inaudible to human ears.
Elephant communication includes the secretion of different pheromones in urine or dung. These chemical scent signals can be detected by nearby elephants, or carried by the breeze to elephants at a distance. The secretions of the glands during musth also convey scent messages. In addition, information is shared through various body poses.
[align=center]An African elephant, for example, spreads its ears wide and may flap them while holding its trunk against its body to signal it is about to charge.
Much has been written about the emotional life of elephants. Observation of wild elephants has proven them to be loyal and affectionate, willing to risk their lives for the sake of others in a family group. Wild elephants have been known to celebrate births of new elephants and to grieve and even shed tears over the death of a family member. In captivity, elephants can become attached to a particular zookeeper or circus worker, refusing to cooperate for anyone else.
Elephants are a key species in the ecology of forests and savannas. While feeding, they shape the environment around them. By eating greenery high above ground, they punch holes through which sunlight penetrates, enabling low-growing plants to thrive. By uprooting grasses, they turn over the soil, aerating it so new plants grow to replace the ones that are eaten. In times of drought, they dig water holes from which other wildlife also drink. As they walk through the dense forests and jungles, elephants clear paths that smaller animals, including humans, can use.
Intelligence
It is difficult to measure the intelligence of any animal, including human beings. Nevertheless, there are strong reasons to believe that elephants are capable of higher mental functions than many other mammals, including domestic dogs and cats. One indicator is the ease with which elephants can learn tricks or tasks, an aspect of their intelligence that has been put to use by circus owners and mahouts, or trainers, in Asia, many of whom teach their elephants to haul logs or transport travelers.
A young elephant remembers the different paths to food or water marked out by an older cow, another indicator of intelligence. Playful behavior, observed in primates and other animals recognized as highly intelligent, is typical of young elephants, who put much energy into games of hide and seek, tug of war, and tag. Play provides a young elephant with the social skills needed to live in a family unit, while strengthening its muscles and improving its coordination for the tasks it carries out as an adult, such as foraging, bathing, and mating.
Elephants and Humans
For more than 2000 years, Asian elephants have been captured and trained to serve people. African elephants were used by Carthaginian general Hannibal to carry his supplies across the Alps during his famous march to conquer Rome in the 3rd century. As recently as the 16th century, elephants were harnessed and ridden onto the battlefield, and during World War II (1939-1945) they were used to drag heavy military equipment up steep, muddy slopes.
Although no longer employed for warfare, Asian elephants continue to earn their keep in Southeast Asia and India. Approximately 13,000 to 16,000 of these animals—roughly 25 percent of the world’s wild Asian elephant population—have been captured and trained to perform a variety of tasks. Pulling logs out of forests, carrying passengers and freight, and assisting in capturing wild elephants are among the many jobs requiring intelligence and strength that elephants perform.
Logging tasks in particular demand high levels of skill. Initial training of elephants for the timber industry may take three to five years. After that, the elephants are individually fine-tuned for another ten years before they are sent out to haul logs from the forests. The graduates of logging schools may work for 30 years or more, retiring at about 50 years of age. The elephant’s trainer (called an oozie or mahout) earns his livelihood by charging money for use of his skilled elephant. The trainer often grows
[align=center]old along with his student, during which time an unbreakable bond of mutual respect and genuine friendship forms between the two.
Status
African and Asian elephants are now endangered species. A variety of forces have contributed to their decline. Elephants have been slaughtered in past centuries solely for their tusks, which are made of highly prized ivory. In the 1900s the wild elephant population stood at 5 million to 10 million; by 1979 hunting and habitat destruction had reduced it to 1.3 million. In the ten years between 1979 and 1989, the collapse of oil prices generated pursuit of other moneymaking ventures, and an estimated 600,000 African elephants—almost half the population—were slaughtered for ivory.
In June 1989 the United States banned all ivory imports, with other nations adopting similar bans soon thereafter
. Under the African Elephant Conservation Act, the United States established a program to award up to $5 million a year for projects to help stop the killing of elephants in Africa. Even with such protective measures in place, ivory poaching remains a major threat. Poachers kill older elephants, including matriarchs, for their larger tusks. Herds depend on the matriarch, and her loss may interfere with the herd’s ability to migrate for food and protect the young. When mother elephants are killed, the nursing young often do not survive.
Battles over shared land and its resources also cause many elephant deaths in both Africa and Asia. Increasing population and displacement resulting from forces such as consolidation of small farms drive people to clear jungles and forests for new farmland and homes. In an effort to ensure their own survival, people rob elephants of opportunities to thrive and reproduce. In many countries, wild elephants can only be found within national parks, many of which are too small and isolated to support the growth of herd populations. As a result of human impact and limited success in preserving their habitats, the number of African and Asian elephants has dropped to a dangerous low.
Elephant researchers, wildlife managers, and conservationists all over the world are currently cooperating to ensure the survival of African and Asian elephants in the wild. Among the more active organizations are the World Wildlife Fund and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Zoos are also dedicated to promoting elephant survival, providing needed educational programs about this magnificent animal and its plight. The American Zoo and Aquarium Association has established captive breeding programs for Asian and African elephants in an effort to prevent their extinction. Transporting elephants from the wild to zoo populations is now illegal, and if breeding programs are unsuccessful, the captive elephant population is projected to die out by the year 2030.
Scientific classification: African and Asian elephants are members of the elephant family, Elephantidae, in the order Proboscidea. The African elephant is classified as Loxodonta africana and the Asian elephant as Elephas maximus
Appeared in some newspapers report on the recent study was one of the findings that smokers are more prone to stroke, coronary artery disease, but if this happens, smokers are less likely to die of such stroke. In the face of this joyful news for smokers, but Kcolna "Woe to the worshipers," without completing the verse. In fact, the study showed that smokers are less likely to die at the time of coronary thrombosis than non-smokers here, "Woe to the worshipers," but if we are looking into the details of this study, the reason for the lack of mortality when the stroke occurred in smokers, we find the rest of the verse, who are heedless of their prayer, it was clear of the study that smoking causes stroke at an early age smokers suffer stroke, coronary in their thirties and forties, compared to non-smokers were those who, when the stroke may be in the sixties or perhaps even the seventies, and since the young age is one of the most important reasons to be protected from death from stroke, coronary Vicu result is that Smokers less likely to die of stroke, as they suffer a stroke in the spring of life, while affecting others in the autumn years, and this is consistent with our experience in the Division of Cardiology, we have found in one study, smokers who were stroke, coronary, they were ten years younger or more of the non-smokers.
We must remember two important facts:
First: The stroke at an early age is dangerous because the signs of the smoker should have to live the rest of his stroke, although the effects of escaped death from the first stroke.
Second: There are numerous studies show that not all the time recognizing the jar, smokers who insist on smoking after a stroke, the first place themselves in a second stroke, death, the studies have shown that those likely to die than non-smokers or those who quit smoking in this an important lesson and encouragement for smokers to quit smoking.
But some may wonder how it affects of smoking on the heart? It may seem the effect of smoking on the lung is easier to understand where the smoke enters the lungs, but how it affects of smoking on the heart, in isolation from the air ducts and breathing?
You must know that the smoke from cigarettes carrying dozens of toxic compounds which, although in small quantities in each cigarette but they have the ability to accumulate little by little. But how to get to the heart and arteries? This material is when the hot gas emitted from a cigarette case, but when cooled become dissolved in the subject of tar and therefore absorbed by the capillaries that are in the millions in the lung, after the absorption is up to all body cells and lead to changes to one of them. In a study by Dr.. Stone, head of Cardiology, found that smoking leads to a sharp rise in the number of heartbeat, and blood pressure as it leads to a decline in the level of oxygen and high concentration of poisonous gas (carbon monoxide), all these changes have been measured directly by cardiac catheterization.
It is well known that smoking leads to increased blood clotting, and ease of thrombosis and that this occurs when a clot in the coronary arteries that feed the heart muscle of acute congestive heart failure, which may lead to death. This is because the heart muscle can not live without blood flow to it which carries oxygen, and death of part of the heart muscle, leading to weakness of this muscle that does not lead to the death of the patient in the case.
The risk of smoking become apparent if we know that it may cause sudden coronary thrombosis, even when those who maintain the proper food, and avoid high cholesterol, as well as those who keep on sports, but they continue smoking. Thus, we can answer to our question and one of the first conclusion is that smoking is harmful to the heart.
Report on the peaks of the Cooperation Council
Of the first summit to the top twenty-fifth
The occasion of the twenty-sixth
Of the Gulf Cooperation Council Gulf Arab states
From the Emirates News Agency
Abu Dhabi – United Arab Emirates
December 2022
All eyes on the eighteenth of the month of December to the capital of the United Arab Emirates, which hosts the summit twenty-sixth of the Cooperation Council for the Arab Gulf states, which falls to take place a quarter century since the establishment of the Council, who started his career blessed Abu Dhabi in May 1981.
Held their Majesties and Highnesses the leaders of the GCC summit since the birth took place in Abu Dhabi on 25 and May 26, 1981, and over a quarter of a century, twenty-five regular session of the Supreme Council on promoting cooperation, coordination and integration among Member States in all fields: political, economic, social, cultural, media and environmental , military, security and other areas as well as continuous monitoring of the developments and the latest developments at all levels Gulf, Arab, Islamic and international levels.
The first session of the Supreme Council of the GCC countries, United Arab Emirates on 25 and May 26, 1981, a session which it was agreed, Your Majesties and Highnesses, the establishment of the Cooperation Council for Gulf Arab states have signed the Statute, which aims to develop cooperation between Member States and the development of relationships and to achieve coordination integration and interdependence, and deepen and strengthen relations, links between their peoples in various fields. He acknowledged their Majesties and Highnesses the inevitability of economic integration between their countries and social integration between their peoples.
And confirmed after reviewing the current situation in the region that the region’s security and stability is the responsibility of peoples and countries and the GCC is a reflection of the will of the States and their right to defend its security and maintain its independence. They also stressed the absolute rejection of any foreign intervention in the region, whatever its origin and demanded that the removal of the entire region from international conflicts, especially the presence of military fleets and foreign bases for the interest and the interest of the world. Supported their Majesties and Highnesses the leaders of the GCC efforts to stop the Iran-Iraq war at the time as one of the problems that threaten the security of the region and increase the likelihood of foreign intervention there. And declared that ensuring stability in the Gulf is linked to achieving peace in the Middle East.
He also stressed their Majesties and Highnesses, their commitment to the Charter of the League of Arab States and the resolutions of Arab summits, and renewed their support for the Organization of Islamic Conference and to its commitment and expressed their commitment to the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Charter of the United Nations.
He was appointed their Majesties and Highnesses, Mr. Abdulla Yacoub Bishara, Secretary-General of the Cooperation Council and decided that Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the permanent headquarters of the Council.
And issued the first session of the Supreme Council of the Abu Dhabi Declaration, which stressed that the establishment of the Cooperation Council for Gulf Arab states is a response to the reality of the historical, social, cultural, economic, political and strategic, which passed and is passing through the Arabian Gulf region and the natural solidarity which links the Gulf Arab country it behooves it to appear in a common framework embodies all positive steps and effective bilateral and multilateral taken so far for the benefit of the peoples of the region.
The Declaration and the resolutions of the Supreme Council for the formation of several ministerial committees to achieve cooperation and coordination among countries of the Council, namely the Economic Planning Commission and the Commission on financial and economic cooperation, commercial and Industrial Cooperation Committee and the Commission on oil cooperation and Services Committee, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on Transport and Communications.
He acknowledged the Supreme Council of the Gulf Cooperation Council at its second session held in Riyadh on 10 and November 11, 1981 Unified Economic Agreement, which aimed at achieving the aspirations of the citizens in the removal of barriers between Member States and the strengthening of the links on the solid foundations lead to the unity of the region and ensuring progress and prosperity for all the GCC countries.
The Council discussed at this session of military cooperation and decided to invite the Ministers of Defense of the meeting to determine priorities for nations of the Council in order to secure its independence and sovereignty.
The Board reviewed the situation in the Gulf region and reiterated his rejection of the attempts of the major powers to intervene in the affairs of the region, stressing the need to keep the entire area of international conflicts. He also reiterated that the Gulf security and stability are the responsibility of the state.
The Council discussed the situation in the Middle East and reviewed the reactions of Arab and international peace on the principles announced by Saudi Arabia on the just and comprehensive solution to the Palestinian issue and decided to be included in the agenda of the Twelfth Arab Summit to be held in Morocco aimed at crystallizing a unified Arab stance on the Palestinian issue.
The Council decided that Member States lobbied hard to achieve Arab unity. The Board discussed at this session of the conflict between Iraq and Iran and the situation in Afghanistan.
And approved the third session of the Supreme Council, which was held in Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain during the period from 9 to November 11, 1982 recommendations of the ministers of defense aimed at building the strength of the Member States and coordinating with them to achieve self-reliance in the protection of its security and maintain stability.
And approved the request of the Ministers of the Interior to complete the study on the security agreement overall. And reviewed the developments that took place on the implementation of the Unified Economic Agreement and decided to approve the establishment of Gulf Investment Corporation with a capital of two billion one hundred million U.S. dollars. And approved the transfer of the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization to the Gulf specializes in the specifications and standards in the GCC countries.
At the political level the Council discussed at this session of the Iran-Iraq war developments and the Arab-Israeli conflict, stressing in this regard support for the resolutions and statements adopted by the Conference of the Twelfth Arab Summit held in Fez, Morocco.
The Supreme Council reviewed at its fourth session held in Qatar during the period from 7 to November 9, 1983 political and economic ties and coordination in defense matters between the Member States where the Council discussed a piece of military coordination steps, expressing satisfaction with the activities of Exercises / Peninsula Shield / held in the State of United Arab Emirates and achieved reflects the determination of the significance of the region to defend it and confirm its independence, the Council decided to expand the circle of economic activities that allow the citizens of each State the exercise of Member States as of March 1984. Briefed on the actions taken to directly GIC activity by the end of November 1983.
The Board reviewed the developments on the political situation in the Gulf region in light of the continuing Iran-Iraq war. He supported the UN Security Council resolution issued on October 31, 1983 to halt military operations in the Gulf The Council reiterated its readiness to resume the efforts undertaken by each of the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait on behalf of the Board between Iraq and Iran. The Council sent each of the foreign ministers of Kuwait and Qatar to Syria in an effort Arab states of the Council in cooperation with the Arab League, Tunisia and Algeria to end the fighting Unfortunately, the current on the Palestinian arena. The Council affirmed its support for the Lebanese reconciliation conference held in Geneva and expressed the hope to achieve the results sought by the people of Lebanon. Briefed on the development of relations between the Sultanate of Oman and the Democratic Republic of Yemen and praised the positive evolution of the announcement to exchange diplomatic representation between the two countries.
The Supreme Council expressed the Gulf Cooperation Council at its fifth session, held in Kuwait during the period from 27 to November 29, 1984 satisfaction with the steps taken to implement the unified economic agreement contributed to a marked increase of trade between the GCC countries. And mandated the Secretariat to study ways to encourage joint ventures. And approved to give priority to products of national government projects. And authorized the Ministerial Council the adoption of a strategic development and integration of the GCC countries. Decided to renew the appointment of Mr. Abdulla Yacoub Bishara, Secretary-General of the Cooperation Council and expressed his satisfaction with the achievements made in implementation of the Unified Economic Agreement, which constitutes the first step on the road to economic integration and agreed on a resolution governing the right of property of citizens in the Member States. The Board reviewed the results achieved by the competent committees of the security and defense sectors, stressing the importance of these achievements, which seeks to translate the principle of self-reliance a reality believes the GCC countries bear the responsibility of the people to defend them.
The Council discussed the situation in the region and the seriousness of the continuing Iran-Iraq war to stability and security and expressed positive attitude of the Republic of Iraq resolutions of the United Nations and the efforts of the Islamic Conference and the Non-Aligned Countries called on the Islamic Republic of Iran, because that contribute to efforts aimed at finding a solution based on taking into account the rights of the parties.
The Board reviewed the current Arab situation and the negative consequences of the continuation of inter-Arab differences and their impact on the crucial issues of Arab and discussed the Palestinian issue and confirmed its continued support for the Palestine Liberation Organization as the sole legitimate representative of the people of Palestine. He also stressed its continued support for Lebanon’s unity and maintaining its stability and independence and national sovereignty on their soil.
And endorsed the Supreme Council for the Cooperation Council at its sixth session held in the Sultanate of Oman during the period from 3 to November 6, 1985 on a set of strategies and common policies are the agricultural policy of the GCC states and unified strategy for industrial development, policies and general principles for the protection of the environment, objectives and means of education. The Board also approved at this session security strategy and stressed the need for speed of delivery after reviewing the security situation in the light of the escalating terrorism in the region and presents some of the GCC countries to terrorist attempts to destabilize security and stability. It also approved their Majesties and Highnesses the leaders of the Council on the strategic vision of the defense cooperation.
The Board reviewed the standard economic steps were implemented, and agreed to a timetable for the implementation of the various areas and activities in economic cooperation and mandated the Council of Ministers to approve such programs and study the possibility of adding new activities to economic activities permitted for GCC citizens exercise-induced activities insurance, trade, purchase, exchange of shares. The Board agreed to the treatment of students in elementary, intermediate and secondary treatment of students from the GCC countries, as well as the treatment of diplomas issued by the GCC treatment certificates issued by the state in which they are treated.
The Council discussed the situation in the region in the light of the dangerous escalation of the Iran-Iraq war and decided to continue his willingness to end this devastating war.
On the Arab level, the Council discussed the developments of the Palestinian issue and condemned the Zionist aggression against Tunisia and the PLO headquarters there. The continued support for the unity of Lebanon and maintain its stability and independence and national sovereignty on their soil. The Board also reviewed the Arab situation and the outcome of the emergency Arab Summit in Casablanca, Morocco, and the work of the committees of reconciliation and purification of the Arab air.
And marked the seventh session of the Supreme Council, held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates approved a number of important decisions aimed at achieving citizenship in the economic and commercial activities where it was decided to allow the investors from the GCC citizens to get loans from banks and funds, industrial development in the Member States and national equality in terms of investor eligibility in accordance with regulations adopted as of the beginning of March 1987 and also allow GCC citizens to exercise retail and wholesale trades in any Member State and nationals of the State Vouka equality of controls adopted as of March 1987 for the retail trade and the beginning of March 1990 for wholesale trade. And agreed on uniform rules to give priority in government purchases of domestic products and products of national origin
Office of Human Rights
First: the role of the Office of Human Rights within the United Nations Mission for Assistance to Iraq:
The mandate of the Office:
Assigned to the United Nations to help Iraq under Security Council resolution 1546, paragraph 7 (b) (iii) the task of "strengthening the protection of human rights, national reconciliation, judicial and legal reform to strengthen the rule of law in Iraq." In order to implement its mandate to the fullest, watching the Office of Human Rights of the United Nations mission to help Iraq, human rights, in order to provide support to activities aimed at the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Iraqi institutions and to improve the human rights situation in the country.
The structure of the Office of Human Rights:
The Office of Human Rights within the two units, the first focuses on monitoring and follow-up to the human rights situation in Iraq, while the other of backing the efforts to rebuild national human rights institutions in Iraq. Both work units in an integrated and harmonious. The Human Rights Office branches in the offices of the United Nations to assist Iraq in Amman, Baghdad and Erbil, as Iatzmalmketb sending a number of its international staff in Basra, is expected to open another branch office in Kirkuk, in later stages.
Office’s role and responsibilities:
Human Rights Office works closely with the ministries of justice and human rights, interior and civil society organizations to promote human rights and the rule of law in the spirit of promoting national reconciliation. To this end, the Office Bmcharkath on the basis of the human rights program that has been developed in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and other agencies of the United Nations and the Ministries of Justice and Human Rights Ministries.
Mechanisms of action:
The Office of Human Rights supported the Iraqi official institutions and civil society organizations to build the capacity of the Iraqi regime and promote a culture of respect for human rights and the rule of law.
Activities of the Office of Human Rights:
The following list includes some of the activities carried out some of them and many others are still under implementation or in the planning stage, namely:
§ Providing technical support to the Iraqi Justice Ministry.
• support to the Ministry of Human Rights in capacity building and training of its staff.
• Establishing a National Center for Missing and Disappeared Persons in Iraq.
• Establishing a national institution dealing with human rights.
The organization of five workshops on transitional justice.
• support for civil society organizations, including human rights organizations and women’s rights.
• Establishing three sessions of training of trainers on the constitution in Baghdad, Basra and Erbil.
The organization of a workshop on human rights defenders with the participation and presence of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the subject of human rights defenders, Ms. Hina Jilani.
• Conducting a number of training activities designed to assist in building the capacity of human rights organizations.
The organization of training for Iraqi police forces in multiple locations in Iraq.
To launch a national campaign designed to increase awareness and promote a culture of human rights and respect for the rule of law.
Main areas of work:
– Monitoring the situation of human rights.
– Help the Iraqi government for the establishment of national institutions on human rights.
– Provide support to the Iraqi ministries concerned.
– To provide support to the development of civil society organizations, especially those working in the field of human rights.
Achievements and challenges:
The work of the Office of Human Rights dedicated to improving the human rights situation in Iraq, has been successful in certain areas. The office is attracting the attention of the Iraqi government officials and alert them of violations and irregularities committed by and perpetrated by police and other officials.
The following are some examples of issues and stories that have been successful thanks to the Office of Human Rights
– The Ministry of Interior is required by forces not to raid the houses at night and avoid spreading terror in the hearts of people during the raids.
– Office of Human Rights work hard to strengthen the capacity of Iraqi civil society organizations, especially those dealing with human rights, working many of these organizations to monitor the human rights situation in the country.
– The Office of Human Rights in cooperation with the Iraqi Human Rights Ministry and the families of missing and absent the establishment of the National Center for Missing and Disappeared Persons in Iraq, which supervised the official launch.
Challenges:
1. As a result of Iraq’s history and current circumstances through which, the matter requires years of hard work and support by local and international and regional eating uphold the principles of human rights and respect for the rule of law.
2. Continuing to change governments and ministries makes it difficult to maintain the institutional memory, cooperation and coordination with ministries, making it difficult for the Office of Human Rights in its coordination efforts with the Iraqi government.
3. Heightened security conditions and lack of security is imposed on the human rights office to make his headquarters inside the Green Zone and this restricts the work of the staff of the Office with respect to local communities, including human rights monitoring and audit information and intervention to reduce these violations.
II: A view of the human rights situation in Iraq:
General situation:
Reveal reports for the Office of Human Rights have expressed concern caused by the lack of protection of social and political rights, economic, cultural and civil rights of citizens. This reflects, in addition to continuing allegations, incompetence in the administration of the judicial system take the circumstances and conditions of detention, which is still a major challenge for the Iraqi authorities and the United Nations to help Iraq.
Insurgents continue to armed groups to target innocent citizens including children, police officers, politicians and foreign diplomats and human rights defenders, as well as Iraqis who are working with the multinational forces, or thought of being as well.
The Office of Human Rights of the mission many of the reports of excessive use of violence against persons and property, in addition to mass arrests carried out by Iraqi police and special forces operating independently or acting under the authority of the Iraqi Interior Ministry. The Office continues to receive reports on the mistreatment of detainees and about shortcomings in the judicial proceedings.
Moreover, many of the statements indicate, the sources directly and indirectly, from Baghdad, Basra, Mosul and Kirkuk and the Kurdish governorates, in addition to information from reliable sources to the use of systematic violence during interrogations in the police and Interior Ministry buildings and headquarters offices.
There is growing concern about special forces operations in the central regions and the north, particularly in Anbar Province and Tal Afar in the north, which increased the displacement of populations. It is also the use of snipers and illegal weapons and non-traditional source of concern for local residents.
And condemns the United Nations, without any reservations, because terrorism is a serious violation of human rights, and demonstrate a willingness to help the Iraqi authorities to ensure that the measures taken to combat terrorism and eliminate the rebels to comply with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights and refugee law and international levels.
Status of Women in Iraq:
Iraqi women live in conditions of very complex due to the following factors:
1. The tyrannical regime, which lasted nearly thirty years.
2. Continuous wars fought by Iraq.
3. The international economic blockade on Iraq, which lasted some 13 years and the serious impact on women and children as marginalized groups.
4. The lack of stability comes the security, safety and the spread of anarchy.
5. The presence of military forces.
As a result of the foregoing, Iraqi women face the following problems:
1. An increase in violence to them, from family and political.
2. The further spread of the phenomenon of so-called "honor crimes."
3. Vulnerability to hijack the motives of criminal and / or political.
4. Prosperity of the phenomenon of trafficking in women and children (the sex trade).
5. Increase in the proportion of early marriages.
6. Increase the prevalence of prostitution.
7. An alarming increase in poverty levels that adversely affect women’s lives.
8. And forced to insecurity many women to abandon their studies to complete the school and university and to give up their jobs.
9. The manifestations of penetration of political rights in the arrest and imprisonment, murder and torture of women as part of Iraqi society. In addition, women are subjected to arrest and hold them as hostages as a means of pressure on the male family members to turn themselves in to authorities in clear violation of international law.
The situation of minorities in Iraq:
Recently increased the differences observed between different minorities in Iraq, has seen many areas of the Iraqi internal ethnic conflict in Basra, Samawah, Al Muthanna, and Kurdish regions, representatives of minorities have expressed concern about the protection of their rights in the Constitution and other legislation.
Human rights issues of concern in Iraq:
– Cases of summary execution.
– Cases of extrajudicial executions.
– Arbitrary arrests.
– Administrative detentions.
– Torture during detention.
– Killing of civilians.
– Kidnappings and assassinations on the basis of criminal and / or political.
– The Iraqi government continued to issue and implement the death penalty.
Detention and torture, one of the major challenges:
Continue to Iraqi police and special forces and multinational forces, mass arrests without warrants, especially during military operations, and continues to receive reports of the Office of Human Rights refers to the continuation of indiscriminate arrests. According to information received by the Office for the continuation of acts of torture of detainees at the center of the Basra police headquarters.
Are still large numbers of detainees from all over the country during the military operations are a source of concern, and the detainees must have the protection envisaged under all the rights guaranteed by international human rights treaties. Has been reported many citizens could not receive any information about their relatives during the early stages of detention, without losing sight of the process used, then it should be important to establish mechanisms to a broader consideration of cases of detainees and that may have a positive impact on the political process as a whole.
Funding:
There is a general need for more funding to cover the activities carried out by the Office of Human Rights, and has developed and adopted a human rights program that outlines a strategy of the Office and its future work in the field of human rights in Iraq. This document contains many of the projects and activities aimed at creating and promoting a culture of human rights and respect for the rule of law in Iraq. May constitute a human rights program is a source of interest to donors on the development of the human rights situation in Iraq.
ساهم بترجمة أفضل
شكراً لمساهمتك في تقديم اقتراح حول الترجمة في خدمة Google للترجمة.
ساهم بترجمة أفضل:
<br>Office of Human Rights <br> <br> <br> <br>First: the role of the Office of Human Rights within the United Nations Mission for Assistance to Iraq: <br> <br> <br> <br> The mandate of the Office: <br> <br>Assigned to the United Nations to help Iraq under Security Council resolution 1546, paragraph 7 (b) (iii) the task of "strengthening the protection of human rights, national reconciliation, judicial and legal reform to strengthen the rule of law in Iraq." In order to implement its mandate to the fullest, watching the Office of Human Rights of the United Nations mission to help Iraq, human rights, in order to provide support to activities aimed at the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Iraqi institutions and to improve the human rights situation in the country. <br> <br> <br> <br>The structure of the Office of Human Rights: <br> <br> The Office of Human Rights within the two units, the first focuses on monitoring and follow-up to the human rights situation in Iraq, while the other of backing the efforts to rebuild national human rights institutions in Iraq. Both work units in an integrated and harmonious. The Human Rights Office branches in the offices of the United Nations to assist Iraq in Amman, Baghdad and Erbil, as Iatzmalmketb sending a number of its international staff in Basra, is expected to open another branch office in Kirkuk, in later stages. <br> <br> <br> <br> Office’s role and responsibilities: <br> <br>Human Rights Office works closely with the ministries of justice and human rights, interior and civil society organizations to promote human rights and the rule of law in the spirit of promoting national reconciliation. To this end, the Office Bmcharkath on the basis of the human rights program that has been developed in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and other agencies of the United Nations and the Ministries of Justice and Human Rights Ministries. <br> <br> <br> <br> Mechanisms of action: <br> <br>The Office of Human Rights supported the Iraqi official institutions and civil society organizations to build the capacity of the Iraqi regime and promote a culture of respect for human rights and the rule of law. <br> <br> <br> <br>Activities of the Office of Human Rights: <br> <br>The following list includes some of the activities carried out some of them and many others are still under implementation or in the planning stage, namely: <br> <br>§ Providing technical support to the Iraqi Justice Ministry. <br> <br>• support to the Ministry of Human Rights in capacity building and training of its staff. <br> <br>• Establishing a National Center for Missing and Disappeared Persons in Iraq. <br> <br>• Establishing a national institution dealing with human rights. <br> <br>The organization of five workshops on transitional justice. <br> <br>• support for civil society organizations, including human rights organizations and women’s rights. <br> <br>• Establishing three sessions of training of trainers on the constitution in Baghdad, Basra and Erbil. <br> <br>The organization of a workshop on human rights defenders with the participation and presence of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the subject of human rights defenders, Ms. Hina Jilani. <br> <br>• Conducting a number of training activities designed to assist in building the capacity of human rights organizations. <br> <br>The organization of training for Iraqi police forces in multiple locations in Iraq. <br> <br>To launch a national campaign designed to increase awareness and promote a culture of human rights and respect for the rule of law. <br> <br> <br> <br> Main areas of work: <br> <br>- Monitoring the situation of human rights. <br> <br>- Help the Iraqi government for the establishment of national institutions on human rights. <br> <br>- Provide support to the Iraqi ministries concerned. <br> <br>- To provide support to the development of civil society organizations, especially those working in the field of human rights. <br> <br> <br> <br> Achievements and challenges: <br> <br>The work of the Office of Human Rights dedicated to improving the human rights situation in Iraq, has been successful in certain areas. The office is attracting the attention of the Iraqi government officials and alert them of violations and irregularities committed by and perpetrated by police and other officials. <br> <br> <br> <br>The following are some examples of issues and stories that have been successful thanks to the Office of Human Rights <br> <br> <br> <br>- The Ministry of Interior is required by forces not to raid the houses at night and avoid spreading terror in the hearts of people during the raids. <br> <br> <br> <br>- Office of Human Rights work hard to strengthen the capacity of Iraqi civil society organizations, especially those dealing with human rights, working many of these organizations to monitor the human rights situation in the country. <br> <br> <br> <br>- The Office of Human Rights in cooperation with the Iraqi Human Rights Ministry and the families of missing and absent the establishment of the National Center for Missing and Disappeared Persons in Iraq, which supervised the official launch. <br> <br> <br> <br>Challenges: <br> <br>1. As a result of Iraq’s history and current circumstances through which, the matter requires years of hard work and support by local and international and regional eating uphold the principles of human rights and respect for the rule of law. <br> <br>2. Continuing to change governments and ministries makes it difficult to maintain the institutional memory, cooperation and coordination with ministries, making it difficult for the Office of Human Rights in its coordination efforts with the Iraqi government. <br> <br>3. Heightened security conditions and lack of security is imposed on the human rights office to make his headquarters inside the Green Zone and this restricts the work of the staff of the Office with respect to local communities, including human rights monitoring and audit information and intervention to reduce these violations. <br> <br> <br> <br>II: A view of the human rights situation in Iraq: <br> <br> <br> <br> General situation: <br> <br>Reveal reports for the Office of Human Rights have expressed concern caused by the lack of protection of social and political rights, economic, cultural and civil rights of citizens. This reflects, in addition to continuing allegations, incompetence in the administration of the judicial system take the circumstances and conditions of detention, which is still a major challenge for the Iraqi authorities and the United Nations to help Iraq. <br> <br> <br> <br>Insurgents continue to armed groups to target innocent citizens including children, police officers, politicians and foreign diplomats and human rights defenders, as well as Iraqis who are working with the multinational forces, or thought of being as well. <br> <br> <br> <br>The Office of Human Rights of the mission many of the reports of excessive use of violence against persons and property, in addition to mass arrests carried out by Iraqi police and special forces operating independently or acting under the authority of the Iraqi Interior Ministry. The Office continues to receive reports on the mistreatment of detainees and about shortcomings in the judicial proceedings. <br> <br> <br> <br>Moreover, many of the statements indicate, the sources directly and indirectly, from Baghdad, Basra, Mosul and Kirkuk and the Kurdish governorates, in addition to information from reliable sources to the use of systematic violence during interrogations in the police and Interior Ministry buildings and headquarters offices. <br> <br> <br> <br>There is growing concern about special forces operations in the central regions and the north, particularly in Anbar Province and Tal Afar in the north, which increased the displacement of populations. It is also the use of snipers and illegal weapons and non-traditional source of concern for local residents. <br> <br> <br> <br>And condemns the United Nations, without any reservations, because terrorism is a serious violation of human rights, and demonstrate a willingness to help the Iraqi authorities to ensure that the measures taken to combat terrorism and eliminate the rebels to comply with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights and refugee law and international levels. <br> <br> <br> <br>Status of Women in Iraq: <br> <br>Iraqi women live in conditions of very complex due to the following factors: <br> <br> <br> <br>1. The tyrannical regime, which lasted nearly thirty years. <br> <br>2. Continuous wars fought by Iraq. <br> <br>3. The international economic blockade on Iraq, which lasted some 13 years and the serious impact on women and children as marginalized groups. <br> <br>4. The lack of stability comes the security, safety and the spread of anarchy. <br> <br>5. The presence of military forces. <br> <br> <br> <br>As a result of the foregoing, Iraqi women face the following problems: <br> <br>1. An increase in violence to them, from family and political. <br> <br>2. The further spread of the phenomenon of so-called "honor crimes." <br> <br>3. Vulnerability to hijack the motives of criminal and / or political. <br> <br>4. Prosperity of the phenomenon of trafficking in women and children (the sex trade). <br> <br>5. Increase in the proportion of early marriages. <br> <br>6. Increase the prevalence of prostitution. <br> <br>7. An alarming increase in poverty levels that adversely affect women’s lives. <br> <br>8. And forced to insecurity many women to abandon their studies to complete the school and university and to give up their jobs. <br> <br>9. The manifestations of penetration of political rights in the arrest and imprisonment, murder and torture of women as part of Iraqi society. In addition, women are subjected to arrest and hold them as hostages as a means of pressure on the male family members to turn themselves in to authorities in clear violation of international law. <br> <br> <br> <br>The situation of minorities in Iraq: <br> <br>Recently increased the differences observed between different minorities in Iraq, has seen many areas of the Iraqi internal ethnic conflict in Basra, Samawah, Al Muthanna, and Kurdish regions, representatives of minorities have expressed concern about the protection of their rights in the Constitution and other legislation. <br> <br> <br> <br>Human rights issues of concern in Iraq: <br> <br>- Cases of summary execution. <br> <br>- Cases of extrajudicial executions. <br> <br>- Arbitrary arrests. <br> <br>- Administrative detentions. <br> <br>- Torture during detention. <br> <br>- Killing of civilians. <br> <br>- Kidnappings and assassinations on the basis of criminal and / or political. <br> <br>- The Iraqi government continued to issue and implement the death penalty. <br> <br> <br> <br> Detention and torture, one of the major challenges: <br> <br>Continue to Iraqi police and special forces and multinational forces, mass arrests without warrants, especially during military operations, and continues to receive reports of the Office of Human Rights refers to the continuation of indiscriminate arrests. According to information received by the Office for the continuation of acts of torture of detainees at the center of the Basra police headquarters. <br> <br> <br> <br>Are still large numbers of detainees from all over the country during the military operations are a source of concern, and the detainees must have the protection envisaged under all the rights guaranteed by international human rights treaties. Has been reported many citizens could not receive any information about their relatives during the early stages of detention, without losing sight of the process used, then it should be important to establish mechanisms to a broader consideration of cases of detainees and that may have a positive impact on the political process as a whole. <br> <br> <br> <br>Funding: <br> <br>There is a general need for more funding to cover the activities carried out by the Office of Human Rights, and has developed and adopted a human rights program that outlines a strategy of the Office and its future work in the field of human rights in Iraq. This document contains many of the projects and activities aimed at creating and promoting a culture of human rights and respect for the rule of law in Iraq. May constitute a human rights program is a source of interest to donors on the development of the human rights situation in Iraq.
اخدتهم كلهم
لانو ملف انجاز وبدي امليه كلوو …
يسلموو
وباحسن واعلى الدرجات
كلو بميزان حسناتك انشاء الله..
شو تبي ثاني تقرير اللي يريد شئ يقول اياه وانا معكم جميعا
وربنا يوفقك ف امتحاناتك
وان شاءالله الله يوفقج في كل المواد والامتحانات
بس بغيت تقرير عن احمد بن ماجد بالانجليزي
فيه مقدمه وموضوع وخاتمه والمصدر..بليز
و اتمنى انج تحطين تقارير للصف العاشر
و شكرا
natural disasters
وشكرا على مجهودك
بدي مقالات بالانجليزي عن اش شي
A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g. flood, tornado , volcano eruption, earthquake, or landslide) that affects the environment, and leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, and their resilience.[1] This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability."[2] A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement
A limnic eruption occurs when CO2 suddenly erupts from deep lake water, posing the threat of suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans. Such an eruption may also cause tsunamis in the lake as the rising CO2 displaces water. Scientists believe landslides, volcanic activity, or explosions can trigger such an eruption.Till date, only two limnic eruptions have been observed and recorded:
In 1984, in Cameroon, a limnic eruption in Lake Monoun caused the deaths of 37 nearby residents
At nearby Lake Nyos in 1986 a much larger eruption killed between 1,700 and 1,800 people by asphyxiation.
[edit] Tsunamis
The tsunami caused by the December 26, 2022 earthquake strikes Ao Nang, Thailand.Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes as the one caused in Ao Nang, Thailand by the 2022 Indian Ocean Earthquake, or by landslides such as the one which occurred at Lituya Bay, Alaska in.
Ao Nang, Thailand (2004). The 2022 Indian Ocean Earthquake created the Boxing Day Tsunami and disaster at this site.
Lituya Bay, Alaska (1953). A mega-tsunami occurred here, the largest ever recorded.
(This also fits within the "Land movement disaster" category because it started with an earthquake.)
[edit] Weather disasters
ممكن تقرير ..عن الانترنيت .. مع المقدمه والخاتمه ..~ ضروري ..
والسموحه
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