أختي اتعرفين اني كنت بطلب نفس طلبج سبحان الله على الصدف
السلام عليكم
لو سمحتو يا جماعه أبغي تقرير عن التعليم في الماضي و الحاضر في دولة الامارات مع البور بوينت و لن أنسا معروف أي و احد يلبي طلبي و لكم جزيل الشكر
وهذا عن stress
Stress
Stress: Everybody knows what stress is. Stress is an integral part of our urban
lifestyle. It has become a normal part of life, although it is generally known
that stress is bad for health. But, doesn’t stress also have advantages? Is
stress the same as burden?
What is stress?: First of all we want to make clear what exactly stress is. The body’s adaptive response to abnormal circumstances (like threats or demands) from a new or changing situation is called stress. The term "stress" refers both to certain heightened mental and body states and to the causes of such states.
Nowadays the symptoms of stress are well known. When the human body is under stress (whether it is real or imaginary) Adrenaline is poured into the
bloodstream. As a result of that the pulse quickens, the blood pressure raises
and the muscle tension increases. Furthermore you may feel more criticized by others, become more pessimistic, cynical, or resentful than usual. Things you normally look forward to may seem like a burden.
A lot of people are not aware of being under stress. Some are frequently under so much stress that they assume the feeling is normal.
Pros: By hearing the word "stress" most people think of something unpleasant and bad. But that is only conditionally true. Stress has also several positive aspects:
A lot of people (students!) take stress as a replacement for self-discipline.
They just can’t start working without time-pressure. They need to know a
certain date when they must finish their work.. (like students before a test)
It is known, that people work better, faster and more effective under stress.
There are people, who are even more creative under stress! This is because of the height Adrenaline ******* into your bloodstream.
Stress is said to be the best sport doping (Adrenaline). During a sport
activity, Stress encourages and raises the attention / strength. Under stress
the human body is able to do better to do better physical achievements.
Last but not least, some producers of stress (such as physical exercise,
various emotional states, and creative activity) are usually very healthy! But
be careful, continuous high levels of stress are not.
Contras: On the other hand, stress has much more disadvantages than advantages.
Stress is bad for your health! A lot of people react to stress with
aggressiveness, competitiveness, and self-imposed pressure to get things done. This behavior has been linked to increased rates of heart attack, high blood pressure and other diseases. Stress can also affect the immune system, causing the body to be less resistant to a wide range of other health problems.
Most people can’t think clear under stress. They make false decision and work superficial (slapdash). Stress causes reduced concentration ability.
Stress doesn’t only affect you; it also has an effect on your environment. If
you’re under stress and nervous, your (school/work) friends automatically become like you. A stressed person has a bad influence on the work/school atmosphere. A lot of friendships have broken down because of excessive stress.
It is said, that stress is the most common "illness" at the moment. I am not
of the same opinion. As I look at it, everybody reacts different to stress.
While some people become aggressive and nervous, other people may be equally serious in their intentions, but are more patient. So, it is not possible to say, whether stress is good or bad. It just depends on the person.
Furthermore I think that stress is unavoidable nowadays. But if you’re once
under stress, try to manage it the best possible. Why not making stress work for you as a source of energy? Better you use your energies by being creative than wasting them by getting furious.
Signs of Stress: In researching stress, one would learn about what stress is, the early warning signs of stress, the different types of stress, and how to build resistance to it. Stress is a combination of physical, mental, and emotional feelings that result from pressure, worry, and anxiety.
The pressures from stress are called stressors. Some examples of common stressors are: divorce, death in the family, job change, pregnancy, a large mortgage, marriage, and retirement. "In medicine, stress is, a physical, chemical, or emotional development that causes strains that can lead to physical illness." (Microsoft Encarta)
Some of the most common symptoms of stress are emotional distress, muscular problems, and stomach problems. Emotional distress includes anger, irritability, and anxiety. Muscular problems such as tension headaches, upper and lower back pain, and jaw pain (TMJ), are symptoms of stress. Muscular tensions that lead to pulled muscles and tendon and ligament problems, are symptoms of stress as well. Other symptoms of stress are stomach, gut and bowel problems. Heartburn, acid stomach, ulcers, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome are examples of these problems. Symptoms like cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain are also common.
The early warning signs of stress include apathy, anxiety, irritability, mental fatigue, and overcompensation or denial. What is stressful for one person, may or may not be stressful for another; each person responds to stress in a different way. A person can plan their life so that stress doesn’t overwhelm them. Managed stress makes people productive and happy.
There are four types of stress. There is acute stress, episodic acute stress, chronic stress, and traumatic stress. Each type of stress has its own characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatments.
Acute stress is the common type of stress. Acute stress is exciting and thrilling in small amount, but too much is exhausting. Overdoing it on acute stress can lead to psychological distress, tension headaches, upset stomach, and other symptoms. Some examples of stressors that can cause acute stress are: an auto accident that crumpled the car fender; a child’s occasional problems at school; and so on. Acute stress doesn’t have enough time to do extensive damage that is associated with long-term stress.
تابع
Episodic Acute stress is what people who suffer from acute stress frequently have. These people’s lives are so disorderly that they are constantly in a state of chaos and crisis. There are always in a hurry, but they are always late. Another form of episodic acute stress comes from no-stop worry. These people tend to be over aroused and tense. The symptoms of episodic acute stress are the symptoms of extended over arousal: persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, chest pain, and heart disease. Suffers are usually very resistant to change of any kind. Acute stress can come up in anyone’s life but it is highly treatable and manageable.
A more serious type of stress is chronic stress. "Chronic stress is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day, year after year." (Battison, 1997 p. 19) It destroys minds, bodies, and lives. Chronic stress comes when a person doesn’t see a way out of a miserable situation. The worst part of chronic stress is that people get used to it and forget that it’s there. Chronic stress kills by means of suicide, violence, heart attack, stroke, and perhaps, even cancer. The symptoms of chronic stress are hard to treat and could require a lot of medical and behavioral treatment, therapy, and stress management
Traumatic stress is a special kind of chronic stress, known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is caused by trauma that is not handled correctly. Some example of traumatic experiences are: accidents, rape, verbal, physical, psychological, or sexual abuse, being in the presence of extreme violence, a brush with death, natural disasters, death of a loved one, and imprisonment. The symptoms of PTSD are flashbacks, over arousal, emotional numbness or loss of feeling, along with extreme emotional outbursts to minor things. People with PTSD suffer from problems with concentration, controlling impulses, and decision making, The long term consequences of PTSD are depression, anxiety, behavioral disorders, multiple personality disorder, and suicide.
There are three basic strategies for dealing with stress. The first strategy is altering situations to make them less stressful. Avoiding stressful situations is the next strategy. Accepting stressful situations is the other basic strategy in dealing with stress at the source. Each strategy has it’s disadvantages and it’s advantages. It’s up to every person to decide which one to use with which situation. "The tougher a person’s resistance to stress is, the more stress they can take." (Hanson, 1985 p.52)
There is a lot a person can do to maximize their resistance to stress. People have resources to help them handle stress. The re resources include family and financial resources, social and spiritual resources, as well as personal resources. They can also develop good health habits and get rid of bad health habits to help build up a resistance to stress. Improving a person’s nutritional habits makes them much less susceptible to stress.
Stress is something that everyone takes on in their day to day lives. It is a part of our daily routines and sometimes builds up to the point where we think it is unbearable. There are many things that cause stress, yet at the same time there are many things that help us relieve it. Stress can cause physical as well as emotional illnesses but it has also been proven that too little stress can be harmful as well. There are many different ways of handling stress. Some are for the goodness of one’s physical well being where as some are for one’s emotional well being. There are even some that help with both. All in all stress seems to occur depending on one9s perception of events, people, and daily things for stress occurs on different occasions for different people.
References.
• Adams, J.D. Understanding and Managing Stress, San Diego: University Associates. Kalat, J.W. (1993).
• Pfeifer, J.E., and Ogloff, J.R.P. Making the Grade: Strategies for Succeeding at University. Lincoln: JEP and JRPO Rathbone, J.L. (1969).
• The American Institute of Stress http://www.stress.org/
• Stress Free NET http://www.stressfree.com/
• Stress less http://www.stressless.com/
والسموحه
¨°o.O (Pearl diving ) O.o°¨
Introduction :
For hundreds of years, the finest pearls in the world were found in the waters
Many thousands of years ago, long before written history, human beings probably discovered the first pearl while searching the seashore for food. Throughout history, the pearl, with its warm inner glow and shimmering iridescence, has been one of the most highly prized and sought-after gems. Countless references to the pearl can be found in the religions and mythology of cultures from the earliest times. The ancient Egyptians prized pearls so much they were buried with them. Cleopatra reportedly dissolved a single pearl in a glass of wine and drank it, simply to win a wager with Mark Antony that she could consume the wealth of an entire nation in just one meal.
The ancient pearling industry provided the only real income for the people of what is now the UAE. The land was too barren to allow any farming and the people were generally too concerned with finding water, food and other provisions to consider trying to make money. The barter system was their way of trading. A few families would leave the nomadic desert lifestyle and settle on the coast to fish. Some of the fishermen probably found the occasional pearl when wading in the shallows, and kept it until there was an opportunity to barter it. To gather enough oysters to make a living, however, required a huge communal effort, as well as people who were able to dive to depths of around 40 metres without equipment, in order to access the offshore oyster beds.
As India became increasingly prosperous in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, demand for pearls grew. What had been little more than a cottage industry became a major part of local life. Merchants would provide the capital to provide and equip a boat for the diving season, in return for a majority share of the profit accumulated from the sale of the pearls. The rest of the profit was distributed between the captain (nakhutha) and the crew. Pearling offered the possibility of comparative riches if one was lucky enough to be on a boat that discovered a top quality pearl or two. There is evidence of a single pearl being sold for fifteen thousand pounds (sterling) during the 1920s – equivalent to more than three hundred and fifty thousand pounds today1.
In response to the increased demand for pearls, many more families settled permanently in the coastal villages, which began to grow in importance and influence, particularly Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Others would live on the coast during the four months of the main pearling season, from May to September, and return to the desert in the winter.
British government papers from the 1920s describe the pearling industry in Bahrain, which would have been almost identical to Dubai’s.
Until they clear the harbour the boats are propelled by heavy oars, each pulled by two men, who sing the song of the pearlers as they row. Often the fleet returns at night when the moon and the tide are full. The sound of the sailors chanting and the splash of the oars is carried across the still water to the town. The sight of hundreds of white sails, some of them coloured orange by the light of the fires burning on the decks, is one of the most picturesque in the world.
يتبع
Australian Pearling
In the 1870s, divers off the coast of Australia discovered something great. It was the Pinctada maxima oyster. The large size of the oysters attracted the attention of local traders. In the beginning, the oysters were pickup up by Aboriginal nacked divers. Most of these divers were women. They had a larger lung capacity then the male divers and could pick up more ****ls in one dive. Soon after that pearling schooners filled with Sri Lankan divers began to harvest the oysters. Still for its ****l rather than for the pearls they contained.
The early luggers were sail-powered and only catered for one diver’s apparatus, but by the 1930s, most vessels were motorised and mechanical air pumps allowed two divers per boat.
The Pinctada maxima oysters grow in the waters of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma). The saltwater pearls they can contain come in both silver- and gold-lipped form. The colors can range from white to gold. Overtones of the silver-lipped oyster has overtones of silvery white or bluish white. The gold-lipped variety has overtones of gold, cream or silver. The size of South Sea pearls range from 10 to 20 millimeters, but pearls larger than 16 millimeters are rare.
In the beginning, the oysters were so plentiful that at low tide they could be picked from the exposed sand. As the oysters became depleted, more and more sophisticated diving methods had to be used. Before the invention of synthetics like plastic, Mother of Pearl ****l was used across the world to make buttons, in jewelery and for decoration. A pearling settlement was founded at Roebourne Bay in 1880. In 1883 it was named Broome, after the then Governor of Western Australia.
By 1901 the pearling trade employed 2000 people from many nations. The majority were Japanese and Malaysian, but Chinese, Filipino, Amborese, Koepanger (Timorese) and Makassan workers, as well as Aboriginal Australians and people from a range of European nations worked in the pearl trade.
As the Australian pearl industry boomed, the small town of Broome became the pearling center. In fact, South Sea pearls were originally called "Broome pearls". Within three years of the original discovery, Australia was supplying 75 percent of the world’s supply of mother-of-pearl for making shirt buttons.
In the early years of the twentieth century the pearl ****l trade boomed. By 1912 there were more than 400 pearl luggers working from the port of Broome, spending months at sea gathering the precious ****l and pearls. It is said that before the First World War Broome was the source of three quarters of the world’s pearl ****l.
Like many other parts of Australia, Broome was greatly effected by the First World War. The international trade in the ****l stopped for 2 years. ****l could not be sold and sat in storage in Broome. Pearling crews could not work and the whole town suffered.
While the 1920s saw a recovery in the industry, the 1930s-1950s were difficult for Broome’s pearl trade. The great depression made it hard to get good prices for pearl ****l. The natural pearls found from harvested oysters were a rare bonus for the divers. Many fabulous specimens were found over the years. By the 1930s, over harvesting had severely depleted the oyster beds. The government was forced to strictly regulate the harvest to prevent the oysters from becoming extinct.
By 1939 only 73 luggers and 565 people were left in the industry and during the Second World War, pearling virtually stopped. Japanese divers discreetly went home or were interned. Broome was bombed, destroying many of the remaining luggers.
After the war, anyone who had known Broome in its roaring days would hardly have known the place, and a mere 15 boats on average worked the fishery, employing around 200 people.
The divers were mostly Japanese from the Taiji province. Their diving ritual would often begin by downing a bottle of port, before donning their diving helmets, after which they would be lowered over the lugger’s side to spend hours underwater.
On the bottom they struggled about in their heavy gear, often almost horizontal, frantically scooping oysters into bags because divers were paid by the amount of ****l they collected. Pity the diver on the bottom when his lugger was smashed by one of the four cyclones to catch the pearling fleet at sea between 1908 and 1935. The death toll for these is only approximate but it is known that more than 100 boats and nearly 300 Japanese perished, and are commemorated at the Japanese cemetery in Broome.
In total, more than 800 divers and their support crews lost their lives because of cyclones between 1882 and 1935. In only 3 years, 1912 to 1915, 93 divers died from the bends. These were boom years for the industry, but the price in human terms was very high.
Commercial pearl culturing
The first commercial pearl culturing farm began in Western Australia in 1956. People in Broome began to look at growing pearls, rather than harvesting their ****ls. In 1956, the Kuri Bay cultured Pearl farm produced their first World Superior pearl. Today, Australia produces about 60 percent of the world’s South Sea cultured pearls.
Pearl farming continues to be Broome’s major industry. In 1992 there were 12 cultured pearl farms operating around Broome. Little of early days remains – a couple of luggers, a few historic buildings on new sites, rotting jetties, the Japanese cemetery of gracefully calligraphed stones, the modest but absorbing museum and a few helmets, now valuable artefacts and integral parts of pearl shop displays.
Seeding involves cutting a small section of mantle from a donor oyster and placing it next to bead which is implanted in the oyster, this grafting process forms a sac round the bead and excretes nacre, thus forming a pearl. The seeded oyster is then returned to the sea to recover before being taken to the pearl farm.
Normal growing time is two years but the cages are removed at regular intervals, the ****ls cleaned and rotated, to assure the best possible results in forming a cultured pearl.
Most farms now use X-ray machines to check if the bead has been rejected, if so the oyster can be reseeded.
Good healthy oysters can be seeded up to three times, producing a pearl every two years. Oysters that are still healthy are then used to produce "Mabe" or half pearls. This is done by cementing half beads of varying shapes onto the ****l inside the oyster, up to seven can be placed in one oyster.
These are harvested by drilling the pearl ****l with the pearl and processing the half pearl. These are made round, oval, drop or heart shape.
Sources:
http://www.divingheritage.com http://www.abc.net.au http://www.sheikhmohammed.co.ae There are two types of memories. A short-term memory and a long term one. Both of them work do the same thing of making the people able to remember something we have done or learned. The short-term memory is used for recent knowledge and events; some of the information in sensory memory is then transferred to short-term memory.
Short-term,
Short-term memory allows one to recall something from several seconds to as long as a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited: George Miller, when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7±2 items (the title of his famous paper, "The magic number 7±2"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically on the order of 4-5 items, and we know that memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, if presented with the string: FB IPH DTW AIB M.
people are able to remember only a few items. However, if the same information is presented in the following way: FBI PHD TWA IBM.
people can remember a great deal more letters. This is because they are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of letters. Beyond finding meaning in the initializes above, Herbert Simon showed that the ideal size for chunking letters and numbers, meaningful or not, was three. This is evidenced by the tendency to remember phone numbers as several chunks of three numbers with the final four-number groups generally broken down into two groups of two.
Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of words that were acoustically similar (e.g. dog, fog, bog, log).
Long-term,
The storage in sensory memory and short term memory generally have a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is available for a certain period of time, but is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole lifespan). Whilst short-term memory is believed to encode information acoustically, long-term memory is believed to work semantically. Baddeley (1966) found that after 20 minutes test subjects had the greatest difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge).
Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memories, on the other hand, are maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Rather, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months, or more, after the initial learning. One of the main functions of sleep is thought to be to improve consolidation of information, as it can be shown that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test, and that the hippocampus replays activity from the current day while sleeping.
For example, if we are given a random seven-digit number, we may remember it for only a few seconds and then forget, which means it was stored into our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; those long-lasting memories are said to be stored in our long term memory.
Early theorists argued that the distinction between long and short term memories was arbitrary, reflecting nothing more than differing levels of activity. However, since the 1960s, and the study of patients who have had lesions to the hippocampus and other brain structures, it is now clear that there are multiple memory systems in the brain, and that information must be transferred between these systems.
Additionally, the term working memory is used to refer to the short term store needed for certain mental tasks – it is not a synonym for short term memory, since it is defined not in terms of duration, but rather in terms of purpose. The most well-known, and well-developed theory of working memory is Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory that outlines three parts: a "verbal store" (akin to rehearsing a phone number) a "visuo-spatial sketchpad" (for visual memory) and a "central executive" involved in control and rehearsal. It is possible to show that the verbal store and visuo-spatial sketchpad are independent systems by asking people to remember two sets of information, one verbal the other visual. Although there is a slight decrease in memory performance (thought to be due to increased load on the central executive) this decrease is much less than when people are asked to remember two sets of verbal or two sets of visual information. The neural ****s of the verbal store and visuospatial sketchpad are thought to lie in the relevant sensory areas of the brain (auditory and visual cortex, respectively) while the central executive is thought to depend on frontal lobe structures.
Any way, memory is very important part in our brain. Without it, we will not be able to recognize people, places, names and things. Therefore, it is an important part that is needed in all the humans’ brains.
Some people forget important things and events in their lives. This is happen because of some problems in memory, so it is important to activate the memory to recognize and remember different things. There are some exercises that develop some mental skills like a new ********. These exercises are games and puzzles which keep the brain active. Reducing stress is also important to activate the memory that it can make remembering much more difficult. Therefore, try to relax, regularly practice yoga or other stretching exercises. Using the imagination when facing something that needs to memorize can also help in improving the memory.
To protect the memory the above suggestions need to be followed in order to get the best results. Memory is important to everybody that helps in participating in different events, increasing the knowledge and other important things in life.
References:
– Conrad, R. (1964), Acoustic Confusions in Immediate Memory, British Journal of Psychology.
– Baddeley, A. D. (1966), The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences.
– Anderson, J.R. (1976) ********, Memory and Thought. Mahwah.
مشكووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووورة اختي بنت الصحرا
مشكور بنت الصحرا ولو نشكرج مابنوفيلج حقج لأنج وايد مهتمة ببنات الثانوية ولو حد غيرج مابسويلنا سالفه لذا شكرا شكرا شكرا شكرا شكرا شكرا شكرا شكرا
العفو وهذا الواجب لني مثلكم طالبت ثانوية عامة
شكرا جا في وقتة
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